Perbandingan Model Pembiayaan Pendidikan antara Negara Berkembang dan Negara Maju: Kajian Literatur Sistematis
Abstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan model pembiayaan pendidikan antara negara berkembang dan negara maju melalui pendekatan Systematic Literature Review (SLR) dengan menggunakan protokol PRISMA 2020. Studi ini menelaah perbedaan struktur pendanaan, tantangan implementasi, serta dampaknya terhadap akses dan kualitas pendidikan. Literatur yang relevan dikumpulkan dari berbagai basis data internasional dan dianalisis secara tematik untuk mengidentifikasi pola-pola utama dalam kebijakan pembiayaan pendidikan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan dalam pendekatan pendanaan, di mana negara berkembang cenderung mengadopsi model hibrid dengan tantangan efisiensi dan ketergantungan pada sumber eksternal, sedangkan negara maju lebih banyak menerapkan sistem pendanaan berbasis kinerja dan akuntabilitas. Analisis tematik yang komprehensif menghasilkan identifikasi 7 kategori utama yang menjadi kerangka analisis, meliputi: (1) alokasi anggaran pendidikan pada berbagai tingkat pemerintahan, (2) inovasi dalam mekanisme pembiayaan pendidikan, (3) tata kelola dan akuntabilitas dana pendidikan, (4) kesenjangan akses dan kualitas pendidikan, (5) dampak pandemi COVID-19 terhadap anggaran pendidikan, (6) peran sektor swasta dalam pembiayaan pendidikan, dan (7) keberlanjutan model pembiayaan. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan perlunya reformasi kebijakan di negara berkembang melalui penguatan desentralisasi fiskal, pemanfaatan teknologi untuk pemantauan anggaran, serta pengembangan kemitraan publik-swasta yang terintegrasi. Temuan ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi empiris dalam pengembangan model pembiayaan pendidikan yang berkelanjutan dan mampu meningkatkan pemerataan akses serta mutu pendidikan di tingkat global.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.59698/afeksi.v6i3.476
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